Several genetically modified plants are grown in the United States
Available since the mid-1990s, genetically modified organisms (GMO) or genetically modified plants are regular crops that have been biologically altered through genetic engineering. These crops are intended for human or animal use and consumption and have been altered to enhance desirable traits and increase crop output. Traditionally, these kinds of alterations were done through breeding, a process that takes several generations and many years to accomplish. Genetically modifying foods can be done quickly and efficiently. Drought tolerance, pest resistance and similar traits make crops easier to grow and often require fewer harmful chemicals to bring them to maturity.
Corn
Bt corn is a crop that has been modified and is usually instilled with a protein that kills certain pests. Corn is one of the most diverse crops in production today, and it has found uses as food, additives and even in the energy field. It is one of the most important crops in the world and as such comprises the majority of GM crops planted in the United States. The primary change genetic modification has given corn is the production of a protein that is toxic to corn pests including borers and earworms but has no effect on other species. Additionally, steps have been taken to improve yield, increase resistance to fungi and reduce the need for pesticide. Upward of 90 percent of Bt corn is produced in the United States, but its effects are beneficial to many underdeveloped nations around the world. In these areas, corn is frequently a staple for both humans and animals, but pest control and fungicide application are not common. By growing corn that has been modified to be more resilient, these factors do not have the serious negative effects they once did.
Soybeans
Soybeans are another extremely versatile plant and are grown across the United States both naturally and as a genetically modified crop. Soybeans are used as both human and animal food, as well as in the diesel fuel industry, construction and ink manufacturing. The most common effect biotechnology has had on soybeans is making them more resistant to herbicides. This is an advantage to growers because it keeps crops healthier and offers more flexibility in managing weeds and some soybean diseases. When herbicide is improperly applied to a soybean crop, it can cause unneeded stress and injury to the plant. This weakens the soybean and leaves it open to quick growth of fungi, as well as root disease and other pests. Genetic modifications have been made to prevent this weakness and make the soybean more resistant to herbicides, thus negating some of the negative effects and keeping soybeans healthy. Proper application of herbicide is still necessary, as studies on Bt crops have still demonstrated an increase in root disease when excessive amounts of herbicide are used.
Cotton
Cotton fibers and seeds are used around the world as a fiber for textiles, as a raw material in animal food and as part of several ingredients in processed foods. Genetically modified cotton is most commonly found in the United States, though China, Australia and Mexico also have cotton production. It has been modified to be more pest resistant, requiring less use of harmful pesticides on the crop. Especially troubling are a few types of worms and caterpillars, which bore into the protective covering of immature cotton and reduce both yield and quality of the crop. Today, several species have been modified to produce a toxic protein that protects it from such pests.
